Student sample for assessment
Written by a Year 8 student in Moonee Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
Renewable energy sources are natural resources that continuously replenish themselves and never run out. Unlike fossil fuels—coal, oil and natural gas—which are formed from ancient organisms and took millions of years to develop, renewable energy comes from sources like the sun, wind, water and heat within the Earth. This fundamental difference makes renewable energy sustainable in a way fossil fuels cannot be. Currently, fossil fuels provide about 80 per cent of the world's energy, but this proportion is changing rapidly. Solar and wind energy are the two renewable sources developing most quickly. Solar panels use technology called photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity, and the cost of this technology has dropped by approximately 90 per cent over the past decade, making solar increasingly affordable. Wind turbines work differently—they convert the movement of wind into electricity. Offshore wind farms, positioned at sea, generate significantly more power than their onshore counterparts because winds are stronger and more consistent over the ocean. Hydroelectricity uses flowing or falling water to drive turbines and currently supplies about 16 per cent of the world's electricity. This source is particularly valuable because water flow can be controlled, meaning hydroelectric power can be generated reliably when needed. Geothermal energy, sourced from heat beneath the Earth's surface, offers another option. Unlike solar and wind, which depend on weather conditions, geothermal systems operate consistently. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy faces real obstacles. Renewable sources like solar and wind are intermittent—solar panels produce no energy at night and wind turbines require wind to function. Battery storage technology is being developed to address this problem by storing energy for use when generation is low. Additionally, moving away from fossil fuels affects communities economically; coal-dependent regions face disruption as coal-fired power stations are retired. Despite these challenges, the International Energy Agency projects that renewable energy will supply the majority of global electricity by 2030, and Australia's position is particularly strong because of our exceptional solar and wind resources.